Project 4 definitions

_ What are the advantages of a multiple column grid?

Typographic grids control the visual organization of the page space by supplying a particular kind of structure developed for typographic organization. This structure consists of margins, alleys, grid fields, and intersection points. Grids allow the designer to codify groups of typographic information.
_ How many characters is optimal for a line length? words per line?

A character is a letter, space, punctuation, or number. The optimal number is 45-75.
_ Why is the baseline grid used in design?

A good grid forces order onto the layout and so acts as an orienting device enabling the reader to knows where to look for information and to understand its relative importance. Just as importantly the grid works on an aesthetic level.
_ What is a typographic river?

They are visually unattractive gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text.

_ How can you incorporate white space into your designs?

By using the grid, we are able to organize the information and use white space to our advantage. It is good to have white space and can help the overall composition.
_ What is type color/texture mean?

Type color refers to the weight or boldness of a typeface and is used by designers and typographers to describe the visual tone of a mass of text on a page. The type color of a particular typeface affects the amount of ink on the page, also known as its blackness. Type texture is effected by changing the leading and tracking of the paragraph.
_ What is x-height, how does it effect type color?

Fonts with small x-heights will effect the type color. A larger x heigh will be bolder and a smaller x height will be lighter.

_ In justification or H&J terms what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, maximum mean?

The specific amount of space between words, the minimum being at the least possible, the optimum just right.

_ What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules?

Spacing, indentation, kerning, leading, pretty much any way that you can visually seperate the paragraphs. Don't hit the indent button the first paragraph. Can do a first-line indent, running indent, hanging indent, or on-a-point indent.
_ What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text.

Hyphens are used strictly for hyphenating words or line breaks. En dashes are for amounts of time such as hourly, days or years. Em dashes are abrupt changes in thought or where a period is too strong and a comma too weak.
-- What is a ligurature?
Ligatures prevent the collision or interference of characters, particularly the extended finial of the ‘f’. and the dot of the ‘i’
_ What does CMYK and RGB mean?

Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and black The RGB stands for the RED GREEN BLUE as the standard color code format in the photoshop.
_ What does hanging punctuation mean?

Hanging punctuation is most commonly quotation marks and hyphens, so that they do not disrupt the ‘flow’ of a body of text or ‘break’ the margin of alignment.
_ What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe?

Foot marks usually look like this, " (foot). An apostrophe has a small circle and curve that make it present the quote or word, such as “”. To make the apostrophes and smart quotes you hit option+[ (left bracket is quote, right bracket is apostrophe). To make them go the other direction add shift.
_ What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?

Inch marks are generic symbols that look like this ' (inch). The default for a foot mark and inch mark is that on the computer keyboard.
_ What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.

A hyphen is used for hyphenating words or line breaks (-). An en dash is used with a thin space before and after, but not a full space, it's between words indicating a duration such as hourly time or months or years. An em dash is twice as long as the en dash. It is used in a manner similar to colon or parentheses, or indicates an abrupt change in thought.